math formulas used in civil engineering
gn Axial Load Capacity (\(P_{allow}\)): \[ P_{allow} = \phi P_{n} \] where: \( P_{n} = A_g F_y \) (gross area \( A_g \), yield strength \( F_y \)) \( \phi \) = resistance factor (typically 0.9) Flexural Strength (Moment): \[ M_{n}